Procedures for Participation of Students with Disabilities...

Procedures for Participation of Students with Disabilities in Virginia’s Accountability System A Guide for Educators and Parents Virginia Department of Education Updated April 2010 Table of Contents I II Definition of Students with Disabilities †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Description of Assessment Program A. Standards of Learning (SOL) Program †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. B. Virginia Grade Level Alternative (VGLA) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ C. Virginia Substitute Evaluation Program (VSEP) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. D. Virginia Alternate Assessment Program (VAAP) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. APPENDIX†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Virginia Department of Education Procedures for Participation of Students with Disabilities in Virginia’s Accountability System This document†¦show more content†¦Decisions about participation in VSEP are made on a test-by-test and individual basis. D. Virginia Alternate Assessment Program (VAAP) The purpose of the VAAP is to evaluate the performance of students with significant cognitive disabilities. The VAAP is available to students in grades 3 through 8 and grade 11 who are working on academic standards that have been reduced in complexity and depth. Only students with significant cognitive disabilities who are eligible under IDEA 2004 and who meet the VAAP guidelines for participation may be assessed through the VAAP. Students will compile a collection of work samples, called a Collection of Evidence (COE) to demonstrate achievement on the Aligned Standards of Learning (ASOL).Students who participate in the VAAP participate in all content areas; participation decisions are made on an individual basis. III. Who Should Be Tested It is the intent of the Commonwealth of Virginia to include all students with disabilities in the assessment component of Virginia’s accountability system. The federal regulations under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and state regulations under the Virginians with Disabilities Act, Section 51.5-40 et seq. of the Code of Virginia, require that individuals with disabilities be given equal opportunity to participate in and benefit from the policies and procedures customarily granted to all individuals. IDEA

Argumentative Essay On Christopher Columbus Day - 1630 Words

In 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean and discovered what we now know as the Americas†¦ or so it’s been taught. In all actuality, there were already Native people who had been living in the continents for thousands of years. Since 1937, the US has used this â€Å"discovery† as a holiday known as Columbus Day to celebrate a man who established the beginning of colonization of the New World. While Columbus did begin the colonization of the Americas, he was not the one who discovered them. History tends to be told from the privileged perspective which is why it’s taught that Columbus discovered these lands. The celebration of Columbus Day promotes the idea of colonization and the marginalization of Native Americans; people also believe it†¦show more content†¦In fact, he had reached the Taino island of Guanahani, which is now modern day San Salvador. Because Columbus believed he was in India, he named the Indigenous people, Native Indians. Wh ile he was not in India, the name of the Indigenous people remained. While some Natives today are okay with the term â€Å"American Indian†, some also believe that the term Indian is not okay because they are not from the country of India (Blackhorse, 2017). Whether or not the terminology is offensive, the moment Columbus landed, the establishment of marginalization and racism toward Indigenous people of the land began. Celebrating Columbus with Columbus day is essentially honoring racism. Racism is defined as prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that ones own race is superior. While it may not be super obvious today, there are offensive, discriminatory stereotypes and terms used against Natives today. One example is the use of the racial slur ‘Redskin’ as the mascot of the Washington NFL team. The racial slur was used during a time when people would be paid to kill Native Americans (referred to as Redskins) and this is representation of how those terms can be present in today’s society. As a country, Columbus Day is celebrated to commemorate the discovery of America and to honor the relationship between the US and Italy, but at what cost? The truth of Columbus’ influence onShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay On Columbus Day1400 Words   |  6 Pages#8577424 Argumentative Essay AP English 4B/ Jenkins October 3rd, 2017 Columbus Day: Celebrating Genocide, Rape, and Enslavement Since 1492 Columbus Day! The second Monday in October. A day celebrating Christopher Columbus, which everyone rejoices because no work! A cherished day off. However, keep in mind what we are celebrating on this day. The man who this day honors, celebrates, glorifies, is no hero. He did not discover America. He was not, in any way, a person who should be respected orRead MoreJake Carlson. 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Corporate Governance Principles of Westpac Group and OCBC Group

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance Principles of Westpac Group and OCBC Group. Answer: Introduction Corporate governance is defined as the system of rules, practices and procedures through which an organization is proscribed and regulated (Tricker, 2015). The corporate governance of an organization includes the balancing of the stakeholders interests of a firm like management, shareholders, suppliers, government, community, financiers and customers. In addition to this, the corporate governance also offers the framework in order to attain the objectives of the particular firm. It also encompasses the every sphere of administration, starting from interior controls and accomplishment plans to the disclosure of corporate and measurement of performance (McCahery, Sautner Starks, 2016). Generally, the board of directors is considered as the primary direct stakeholders that influences the corporate governance. However, it has been found that the corporate governance practices and principles vary with different countries, businesses and regulatory environments. In this assignment, two co mpanies of two different countries have been selected i.e. Westpac Group (a financial institution based in Australia) and OCBC Group (a financial institution based in Singapore) in order to analyze the similarities and differences between the corporate governance practices. Company Background Westpac Group Westpac Group was founded in the year 1817 as the Bank of New South Wales under a charter of incorporation that is provided by the Governor of the country ("Westpac Group | Westpac", 2016). It has been found that Westpac has a proud and long history as the oldest and the first bank of Australia. In the year 1982, in the month of October, the particular bank changed its name to Westpac Banking Corporation after the acquisition of the Commercial Bank of the specified country ("Westpac Group | Westpac", 2016). The vision of the particular organization is to become one of the famous service organizations across the world and also to help its customers, people and communities with the aim to grow and prosper. The strategy of the firm Westpac Group is to deliver on the firms vision by offering superior returns to the stockholders of the company, enduring customer relationships and building deep, being a place where best personnel want to work and being a leader in the community. Westpac Gr oup mainly focuses on the core markets of Australia, New Zealand and near Pacific, where the firm provides an inclusive variety of financial services and products in order to meet the customers demands. The Groups 5 key divisions include business bank, consumer bank, BT Financial group Australia, Westpac New Zealand and Westpac Institutional Bank ("Westpac Group | Westpac", 2016). OCBC Group The OCBC Bank Group of businesses in composed of several companies that are owned by the longest established local bank of Singapore. In the year 1932, the OCBC bank was established due to merger of three local banks and this OCBC bank is considered as the longest established bank of Singapore ("OCBC - Who we are - Group Business Overview", 2016). The objective of the organization OCBC bank is to understand the financial requirements of the customers and also to develop the financial solutions that are able to fulfill the needs. In order to address the increased diverse needs in various geographies and communities, the OCBC bank has acquired and expanded its business beyond the territory of commercial banking. It has been found that the particular company has been considered as the strongest bank in ASEAN and also among the five strongest banks across the world for five consecutive years that is since the inception of the ranking in the year 2011 ("OCBC - Who we are - Group Business Overview", 2016). Moreover, it can also be said that the particular company is considered as the second largest banking group in Singapore on the basis of its total assets. Corporate Governance Practices in Westpac Group As per the annual report of the company Westpac Group of the year 2015, it is important to understand and manage the social, environmental and corporate governance risks with the value chain of the firm ("Corporate governance | Westpac", 2016). The corporate governance approach of the particular firm is stood on a set of behaviors and values that emphasizes the daily activities and also to offer fair dealing and transparency and also aims to protect the interests of the stakeholders. The corporate governance approach of Westpac Group involves a commitment to excellence in the standards of governance. The management department of Westpac Group considers the particular corporate governance approach as the fundamental principle to the sustainability of the business and its performance (Westpac.com.au, 2016). This also involves the monitoring of the global and local developments in corporate governance and also to assess the implications of corporate governance. It can be said that the p articular firm Westpac Group complies with the Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations of the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) with the amendments of the year 2014 that were published by the Corporate Governance Council of the ASX Limited (ASXCGC) ("Corporate governance | Westpac", 2016). The particular firm has equity securities enlisted on the security exchanges in the United States, New Zealand and obviously in Australia. As per the corporate governance report of the firm Westpac Group, the particular firm not only get complied its corporate governance principles with the ASX Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations of ASXCGC but also complies with the Corporations Act ("Corporate governance | Westpac", 2016). In addition to this, Westpac Group also complies with the governance requirements as an ADI as prearranged by the APRA under the Governance (Prudential Standard CPS 510) ("Corporate governance | Westpac", 2016). The main structure of the corporate gove rnance statement of the organization Westpac Group is consisted of Governance framework, Board, committees and oversight of management, ethical and responsible decision-making, diversity, sustainability, financial reporting, market disclosure, shareholder participation and communication, risk management and remuneration. Corporate Governance Practices in OCBC Bank The corporate governance of OCBC Bank is similar to the Westpac Group as the principles of corporate governance are entirely committed to the fair dealing and integrity in all its activities. In addition to this, it also upholds the corporate governances highest standards. The firm has founded to adopt the practices of corporate governance in conformity with the Corporate Governance Regulations of the Banking sector, 2005, Banking (Corporate Governance) (Amendments) Regulations 2010 corporate governance guidelines (Ocbc.com, 2016). It has been found that all these corporate governance guidelines of the particular company OCBC Bank have been issued by the MAS (Monetary Authority of Singapore) (Ocbc.com, 2016). It has also been observed that the specified firm OCBC Bank follows the Code of Corporate Governance of the year 2012 of the Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited (Ocbc.com, 2016). The main structure of the corporate governance statement of the organization OCBC Bank is consisted of Board of Directors, Board Committees, Internal Audit function, internal controls, external auditor, Directors attendance at Board and Board Committee meetings, remuneration policy and share schemes. It also includes Remuneration disclosure for material risk takers and senior management, communication with shareholders, related party transactions, ethical standards and summary of disclosures. Therefore, it can be said that the components of the corporate governance statement of both the companies OCBC Bank and Westpac Group differ from each other, though some of the constituents are found to be similar. The corporate governance statement of OCBC Bank is composed of relatively several constituents, whereas, the corporate governance statement of Westpac Group is composed of relatively lesser number of constituents. In addition to this, the other difference that is found within the corporate governance statements of two different companies of two different countries are that each of the statements is prepared based on the guidelines of the respective countries. Reasons for Variation in Corporate Governance Practices It has been found that there are various types of corporate governance model across the world. These mainly differ due to the variety of capitalism where the principles, practices and guidelines of the corporate governance are embedded (Oecd.org, 2016). For instance, the Anglo-American model intends to put emphasis on the interests of the shareholders. On the other hand, the multi-stakeholders model or the coordinated model is related to the Continental Europe (Acharya et al., 2013). Additionally, the country Japan also puts importance on the interests of workers, suppliers, managers, community and customers with respect to the principles of corporate governance. The companies are developed as legal persons on the basis of regulations and laws of a specific jurisdiction (Claessens Yurtoglu, 2013). This might vary based on various aspects between the countries; however, the legal person status of a corporation is fundamental to all jurisdictions and is awarded by statute (Hermalin W eisbach, 2012). This might give rise to new principles or guidelines from general purpose legislation or from a statute of developing a specific corporation. All these lead to the development of corporate governance in various countries which are considered as a set of customs, laws, processes, policies and institutions that affects the way of regulating a corporation (Madanoglu Karadag, 2016). Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that the corporate governance involves the relationships between various stakeholders who are involved and the objectives for which a corporation is governed. In case of contemporary business corporations, the primary external stakeholder groups include the shareholders, trade creditors, debt holders, communities, suppliers and customers are mainly affected by the activities of the corporation. On the other hand, the internal stakeholders include executives, board of directors and other employees of the firm. Therefore, the basic principles of the corporate governance remain same for all the countries but some additional elements might be included on the basis of the rules and regulations of a particular country. References Acharya, V. V., Gottschalg, O. F., Hahn, M., Kehoe, C. (2013). Corporate governance and value creation: Evidence from private equity.Review of Financial Studies,26(2), 368-402. Claessens, S., Yurtoglu, B. B. (2013). Corporate governance in emerging markets: A survey.Emerging markets review,15, 1-33. Corporate governance | Westpac. (2016).Westpac.com.au. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://www.westpac.com.au/about-westpac/westpac-group/corporate-governance/?wbc-vnty=www.westpac.com.au/corpgov Hermalin, B. E., Weisbach, M. S. (2012). Information disclosure and corporate governance.The Journal of Finance,67(1), 195-233. Madanoglu, M., Karadag, E. (2016). Corporate governance provisions and firm financial performance: the moderating effect of deviation from optimal franchising.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,28(8). McCahery, J. A., Sautner, Z., Starks, L. T. (2016). Behind the scenes: The corporate governance preferences of institutional investors.The Journal of Finance. OCBC - Who we are - Group Business Overview. (2016).Ocbc.com. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://www.ocbc.com/group/who-we-are/group-business.html Ocbc.com. (2016).Ocbc.com. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://www.ocbc.com/assets/pdf/annual%20reports/2015/ocbc_ar2015_full_report_english.pdf Oecd.org. (2016).Oecd.org. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://www.oecd.org/daf/ca/Corporate-Governance-Principles-ENG.pdf Tricker, B. (2015).Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Westpac Group | Westpac. (2016).Westpac.com.au. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://www.westpac.com.au/about-westpac/westpac-group/ Westpac.com.au. (2016).Westpac.com.au. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://www.westpac.com.au/content/dam/public/wbc/documents/pdf/aw/ic/Bookmarked_-_WBC_AR2015_000106_02112015_FINAL_v_03_Low_Res.pdf

Kin Mind and Body Essay Sample free essay sample

The head and organic structure connexion is what drives my doctrine in kinesiology. Working with jocks to heighten their public presentation through psychological guidance is an fantastic calling. Would you like to prosecute a calling to assist people and spread out their athletic experience? Sports play a really dynamic and polar function in our society and should wish to be a portion of that industry in the most positive manner you can. It is necessary to develop both the head and organic structure for peak public presentation. Success in athleticss requires your head and your organic structure and as an jock it is really of import to hold a clear mental image of what it is you are endeavoring for. Sports psychological science can be defined as the survey and application of the attitudes and behaviours of jocks ( including squad jocks ) that impact ( either positively or negatively ) public presentation in athleticss or competitory scenes. We will write a custom essay sample on Kin Mind and Body Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In America. athletics psychology’s roots day of the month back to the late 19th and early twentieth centuries when several psychologists started carry oning sports-related surveies. The first North American athleticss psychologist is from Indiana University named Norman Triplett. Triplett was the first research worker to corroborate that bicyclers sometimes rode faster when they raced in groups or braces than when they rode entirely ( Davis. S. F 2009 pg. 98-115 ) . Coleman Griffith of the University of Illinois established the first athleticss psychological science research lab in North America in 1925. Griffith researched the effects on athletic public presentation with factors such as. â€Å"reaction clip. mental consciousness. muscular tenseness and relaxation and personality. † He so published two books. the first The Psychology of Coaching ( 1926 ) first book published in the field of athletics psychological science. His 2nd book was. The Psychology of Athletes ( 1928 ) ( Hoffman. 2005. pg242 ) . Griffith’s research lab closed in 1932 due to the economic downswing of The Great Depression. A impermanent interruption took topographic point in athletics psychology’s development because of The Great Depression. World War II and the Korean War. In 1960. the population growing of the babe roar coevals caused the rapid development of physical instruction sections. Many colleges and universities began to offer classs in athletics psychological science. Norman Triplett and Coleman Griffith were to chief people who started athleticss psychological science and society witnessed a rapid rush in its growing approaching the 1950’s Pay ranges vary well within athleticss psychological science based on preparation. instruction. and country of specialisation. Harmonizing to the Occupational Outlook Handbook published by the U. S. Department of Labor. mean wages for clinical and reding psychologists range between $ 41. 850 and $ 71. 880. The average wage for university module places was $ 55. 000 in a 2001 salary study by the American Psychological Association ( APA ) . Some top athleticss psychologists earn six-figure wages working as advisers for professional jocks. but most earn a more modest income. Sport psychological science offers plentifulness of preparation plans but really few train pupils to go practicing athleticss psychologists who see clients. Those that do offer these selective plans are graduate degree classs ( master/doctoral ) . A PhD in Clinical Psychology and Master’s degree counsellor. with preparation in athletics psychological science is needed. There is no set calling way for being a athletics psychologist once they graduate. It is largely up to that individual of what way they will take to prosecute their calling. A calling in athletics psychological science requires mental focal point. goal-setting. creativeness. and concentration. A typical agenda would non be for a athleticss psychologist ; this is non a 9-5 occupation. A athletics psychologist hours and workplace can change depending on the athletics and degree of competition. A workplace can be at a university. secondary school. infirmary and office. Most elect jocks recommend their psychologist to go with them. Traveling during the twenty-four hours is a regular property for athletics psychologist. Working with an single can take topographic point during a pattern session. Working hours must be flexible and are largely schedule around competition. Some athleticss psychologists work full clip with professional athleticss squads but this can be a really competitory place to acquire. Determining their workplace and hours can state a batch about a typical work twenty-four hours. A typical twenty-four hours for a athletics psychologist is chiefly assisting an jock set effectual ends. Most yearss they have to maintain up to day of the month with literature and the best patterns in their field. Planing workshops for managers and jocks can take a whole work twenty-four hours to form. Most yearss may dwell of assisting jocks with psychological jobs such as public presentation sweetening. end puting injury recovery and so on. A regular twenty-four hours for a athletics psychologist is to demo athletes how a mental and emotional province can play a immense consequence on their public presentation. Today athletics psychological science occupations handiness is mean. New psychologist come ining this field will hold a huge chance to happen employment. Jobs are available at the master’s and bachelor’s degree but those with a doctorial grade will hold the best result for happening work. Recessions in professional sports will lag concern every twelvemonth. The handiness to acquire employed may be determined on the location and experiences the psychologists have. U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics studies that the occupation growing in this field is expected to turn by 12 per centum from 2008 to 2018. Employment is expected to turn as more and more people seek psychological services. This proves handiness for occupation gaps is really high. The head and organic structure is a really powerful one. For everything you think in your head. your organic structure has a reaction regardless of whether it is existent or imagined. For illustration. have you of all time had a bad dream? Normally. you will wake up and your bosom is rushing. you are sudating and really agitated. even though you were resting in slumber. But. in your head there was something bad traveling on and your organic structure was responding to it. That is an illustration of how strong the connexion is between your head and organic structure. Sport psychological science is something that every squad needs including the coaching staff. Sport psychological science involves fixing the head of an jock. merely as one prepares the organic structure. â€Å"The end of athleticss psychological science is to assist jocks and squads identify unhealthy attitudes and beliefs. use mental stamina accomplishments and peak public presentation schemes to execute at high levels † harmonizing to cardinal constructs to feature psychological science.

Ethical dilemmas Essay Example

Ethical dilemmas Essay In this essay I shall begin to justify how an ethical approach to providing support can benefit individuals and use examples to evaluate two potential dilemmas which could be faced by staff involved with the delivery of care in day to day working. When working in a health and social care environment, there are various professionals that are often faced in day to day working of situations to which involve moral dilemmas which means that it is crucially important for each professional to have a clear understanding of morality and what moral decisions are and how they are linked to the practice of health and social care. Not only this, but health and social care professionals also need to have a good understanding of their legal position and the morals and ethics that are a foundation of their professional code of practice which is extremely important in terms of occasions whereby a service user may refuse medical treatment or decides on a course of treatment which may not be beneficial for them in terms of their best interests. When these situations arise, legislation and professional codes of practice must be implemented and used as valuable guidance for the professional to follow as well as numerous other ethical points. For example, when working with vulnerable service users, all health and social care professionals have a duty of care to protect their own rights. If there is a proposed course of action or proposed treatment which could be harmful to a service user then the professional will have to weigh up the advantages and disadvantages for example, a cancer patient who normally are advised to undergo courses of chemotherapy or radiotherapy however this treatment also has harmful side effects, but the benefits of this type of therapy would outweigh the harm caused by the side effects of the treatment and therefore the treatment would normally be undertaken. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical dilemmas specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical dilemmas specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical dilemmas specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Health and Social Care providers also have the responsibility to ensure that the environments can safeguard vulnerable adults which includes recruiting new staff and providing resources to ensure that the service users needs are met. Situations can arise however, whereby behaviour or actions of one individual could harm another in the service and this could be an individual with mental health problems who might become violent to someone. If this case does arise then the social care professionals must follow the services policies and procedures and if the behaviour of the individual is likely to result in significant harm to themselves or others then the individual will have to be restrained. These policies and procedures underlined from the mental capacity Act (2005) are guidelines which provide the knowledge for the health and social care professional, relating to the degree of harm which is likely to be suffered by the individual or others if the individual is not restrained. This action is to promote the wellbeing of the individual and others and is known as beneficence to which in medical context means that taking action will serve the best interest of patients to which the professionals have a duty to protect and to act in such ways for each individuals best interests. Another way to which this can be illustrated is through the effectiveness and the cost of treatment whereby the professionals have to weigh up benefits to the loss of the money to which they would be making. The ethical principles however such as independence and rights, empowerment, beneficence, safeguarding, autonomy, dignity, duty, morals and independence all have to be looked at when this decision is being made and all individuals should be fully aware of their rights and should also have equal access to medical treatment. Empowering the individual means that they are ensured that they know enough information to make an informed choice about certain decisions that can affect their quality of life and helps the individual to have control in their lives. Vulnerable people in health and social care services can sometimes rely on professionals to ensure their independence and it is important that these professionals empower the individuals to influence their independence and dont use benevolent oppression to make decisions for individuals in their care. Examples of benevolent oppression include not allowing the individual to have relationships, limiting their alcohol intake, not allowing the individual to have privacy, preventing the individual with disabilities to go out on their own, choosing activities which are acceptable for them and not giving them any choice and not providing recourses which will promote independence and autonomy. Examples of a potential ethical dilemmas which could be faced by an individual includes an individual in a care facility disclosing that they are being abused by one of the care workers and pleads to another care worker to not tell anybody else. However the right of confidentiality conflicts with the right to be protected from harm and therefore the care worker has a dilemma whether to follow through the individuals rights of confidentiality or to report the abuse to protect the individual from harm. In this care the care worker should report the other care worker to not only protect that individual who was subject to abuse but others which may also be being abused yet have not spoken out to anybody. Another example includes religion and cultural beliefs, this could include Jehovahs witnesses who by their religion do not agree with blood transfusions and therefore in situations whereby they are in hospital and require a blood transfusion to survive, the rights and duties of the professional may also conflict with those of the individuals who requires the blood transfusion and a decision will have to be made for the best course of action. In this case although the ethical morals of the professional will need to be understood, the service users religious needs will have to be met and the blood transfusion would not be able to be undertaken unless the individual signs for confirmation or if they are not in the right state at that moment in time that an advocate is there to sign on behalf of their needs. Thirdly two individuals which are living in supported tenancy in the community who have learning disabilities have become close in the last few months and have started hugging and holding hands yet when one of the individuals reveals this to a support worker the support worker begins to get concerned and discusses the situation with their supervisor who then restricted the two individuals outings so that they can no longer be together without telling the individuals. In this case the support worker believes that she is protecting the two individuals however it is evident that that these two individuals are not being allowed their independence and this is affecting both of their quality of lives. This is an example of benevolent oppression and it is evident that the support worker and the professionals working with should be more aware of ethical principles. In this case I believe that the two learning disability individuals should have been spoken to and the matter should have been discussed with them first before any action was implemented. Keeping the individuals out of the loop prevented them from having a say in their care and they were not allowed the independence to choose how they spend their life and who they spend their life with. In conclusion ethical principles are a key part in the delivery of patient care and each service needs to have the appropriate policies and procedures for guidelines on how the professionals should act when ethical dilemmas arise. There are numerous benefits of delivering care in an ethical approach for reasons such as the individuals independence and rights are respected and taken into account, the individual is empowered and therefore feels confident in the fact that they have the power to say what happens in their care and how they live their life. Other reasons include factors such as the individuals dignity will be respected which will rise their self-concept and they wont feel like a waste of space who isnt able to care for themselves and instead will feel respected and cared for.

Touching Spirit Bear Character Essay Essays

Touching Spirit Bear Character Essay Essays Touching Spirit Bear Character Essay Paper Touching Spirit Bear Character Essay Paper Cole is a fifteen-year-old boy who gets into trouble a lot. His father abuses him, which causes a lot of anger. His mother is an alcoholic and did not care about Cole as much as she should. Throughout the novel, Touching Spirit Bear by Ben Mikaelsen, Cole learns more about his conflicts, while healing them at the same time. Cole has many internal conflicts including fear, anger, and loneliness throughout the novel. The first internal conflict is anger. Cole’s father abused him, which created stress and anger inside of him. This anger causes Cole to commit crimes. Cole robbed and trashed a hardware store. Peter, a boy at Cole’s school, found out that Cole did this act of violence. So, Peter told on Cole. Cole found out, in which he got very angry and mad. Instead of confronting Peter, Cole decided to smash Peter’s head against the sidewalk, very hardly. Once Cole was sent to the island of Drake in Alaska, Cole felt depressed and angry at the same time. Cole eventually burnt down his cabin. One last example of anger is dealing with the Spirit Bear. The Spirit Bear was calmly looking at Cole. Cole realized that this bear was not afraid of him. So, Cole let out his anger and tried to kill the bear. Instead of Cole hurting the bear, the bear mauled Cole. Cole was on the ground, almost dying for about three days. Even though Cole seems like a person who is not afraid of anything, there is actually some fear built somewhere in his body. Another internal conflict is fear. Cole was a little frightened by the Spirit Bear. So, he needed control and power and teased the bear. Instead of everything working out his way, the bear attacked Cole, leaving plenty of brutal scars and pain in almost every inch of his body. After the bear mauled Cole, he felt, and looked like he was dying. Cole realized he was afraid to die. So, Cole did everything he could do to stay alive. For instance, he ate grass, killed a mouse for food, and ate almost every moving bug he could see. Lastly, Cole had a dream while he was in the hospital. Cole’s dream was everyone was taking care of him. Including Garvey and Edwin. Suddenly, all of the people helping him turned into monsters and were laughing at him. Cole felt like there was a lack of others caring about him. Not only did Cole have fear and anger, but he also felt lonely. Garvey and Edwin taught Cole how to dance ‘animal dances’. These animal dances are supposed to educate people what animals can teach them. In once case, Cole danced the Whale Dance. After the Whale Dance, Cole learned that whales travel around, but have no home, just like him. During Christmas-time on the island, Cole felt like nobody cared about him. So, he cut down a tree and celebrated Christmas all alone. Cole always needed to have the attention. Since Cole felt lonely and depressed, he committed crimes to have the attention back on him again. These many internal conflicts, including fear, anger, and loneliness, happen throughout most of Cole’s life. Cole may seem like every other juvenile delinquent, but throughout this book, he overcomes these conflicts. Peter actually goes on the island with Cole. After a while, they become friends. The second time Cole goes back on the island, he takes extra precautions and does not burn down the cabin. In fact, Cole had to build a whole new one. Whenever he saw the Spirit Bear, he let go of his anger to the Spirit Bear. His anger, fear, and loneliness are still a problem to Cole, but he is now able to fight his difficulties.

Argue whether or not paying students for good grades is the best Essay

Argue whether or not paying students for good grades is the best motivational tool - Essay Example This means that the school and educational system should seek appropriate ways for motivating their students. In some instances, parents and school provide money for good grades. Intrinsic motivation is the best approach of motivation among students since it promotes self-drive and hard work, qualities which are beneficial for the life of a student in the long term. Grades should reflect the intrinsic values of education and learning. This means that education and learning should not be viewed as work that requires payment after the accomplishment of agreed objectives. This does not mean that education is not tied to work. Education is tied to work because it leads to work that rewards on monetary basis (Rosenbaum 4). Though money for grades is a motivational tool, it is not an effective motivational tool because it is not based on the actual capabilities of the student. In addition, the monetary value attached to grades is not relative to the nature of the examination. This is becau se examinations are not standardized and they vary with years or school sessions. Money for grades diminishes the real value of the educational system. In this case, students do not study with the aim of gaining theoretical experiences, but they study with their focus on the examination. The student do not prepare adequately for class work, and in most case, they do not participate in schoolwork (Rosenbaum 7). There only focus in the school environment is to pass the examinations and not to gain the aspects of education that can create an effective platform for their education. Paying student for good grades should be discouraged since it may lead to cheating. In the scenario that parents or other stakeholder resort to give monetary rewards for students in order to encourage good grades, the students will link academic success with financial incentives (Wiseman and Hunt 62). For instance, a parent may give $10 for As, $5 for Bs and $3 for Cs (Rosenbaum 2). In average, students who t hen keep their grades above 90 earn the equivalent of $15 each month (Ivanova 1). This will have a detrimental effect on the students since it will influence the learning process negatively. The students will be preoccupied with attaining the financial incentive. This may lead to frustrations for the students when they do not achieve the required threshold in their academic work. In such instances, the student may resort to shortcuts in order to enhance their academic performance. This urges may encourage cheating in order to achieve good grades. This will impede the learning process rather than encourage the child to acquire new knowledge. This means that children should be encouraged to seek academic success intrinsically as opposed to external motivations like cash rewards (Wiseman and Hunt 62). Students who are intrinsically motivated to study will be able to achieve good grades without cheating. These students will be aware that the skills learned in school are essential for th eir future in the society and career wise. Therefore, if cash incentives are involved, the student’s motivation will be blurred and it will be majored on financial incentives. Offering financial rewards for good performance will have a negative effect on the values of the student. Education has the role to shape the morals and values of an individual. This means that a student should be able to pick positive behaviors and

Aviation Argument Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Aviation Argument - Term Paper Example The White paper has a self-serving interpretation of the air traffic control outsourcing proposal. Indeed, the time for the outsourcing of the American air traffic control jobs is now. The outsourcing of the air traffic control job contains many issues. The research centers on the advantages of outsourcing. The research focuses on the White paper’s biased analysis of the outsourcing alterative. The time for outsourcing the air traffic control processes must not be delayed further. The privatization of ATC will improve current air traffic service. Ron Hira (2008) emphasized â€Å"Offshore outsourcing in the services sector is a major shift in how our economy operates, and it will have serious impacts on the trajectory of economic growth, national security, the distribution of income, and the workforce. These impacts will be both positive and negative. When the business owners and consultants who are moving jobs overseas claim that their actions will have a clear net positive, they are merely fortune telling†. In terms of air safety data shows that Canada’s air safety is better than the current United States air safety program. Canada outsources its air traffic control responsibilities. In addition, there is better safety statistics in United States airports run by private contractors (outsource companies) when compared to the air safety statistics of United States airports run by Federal Aviation Administration or FAA. In addition, Nav Canada complied with all requirements to effectively and efficiently control the landing and takeoff of planes with its airports. The Canada outsourcing companies cooperated with NORAD and Federal Aviation Administration by implementing high quality air traffic control operations. With privatization, there will be smoother and quicker implementation of advanced air traffic control technology, which is beyond the current FAA’s current slow modernization activities. Outsourcing

Do Modern Forms of Administration and Discipline Undermine the Essay

Do Modern Forms of Administration and Discipline Undermine the Liberties and Rights Promised by the Modern State - Essay Example An initial discussion of what the modern state represents shall be presented, followed by an evaluation of the current forms of administration. A deeper analysis of how these modern forms of administration impact on the modern state shall then be presented. Body The modern state The Montevideo Convention explains that a state is one which possesses the following elements: a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and the capacity to enter to government relations. This criterion for statehood was arrived at in 1935 and supported by the world in general. Max Weber presents another conceptualization of the state, one which is derived from the early beginnings of statehood. He defines the state to be â€Å"a human continuity that claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory† (Weber, 1958, p. 78). Weber’s definition also points out that the state must have the absolute control over the legitimate application of force ( New York University, 2002). The concept of legitimacy has not always been easy to define with various actions being carried out by the state in the name of such legitimate authority; however, these actions have not always been technically legitimate. Moreover, for purposes of securing state functions, the components of legitimacy have not been strictly met (New York University, 2002). The use of force which is attributed to the state is therefore not always based on a legitimate exercise of power. This also suggests that a state’s use of force may not always need to be legitimate, for as long as the perceptions of the people are assuaged in terms of the legitimacy of such force (New York University, 2002). Another element of Weber’s concept of the state is on the monopoly by the state on the legitimate exercise of force. This monopoly has always been a source of issue among theorists and scholars because there have been acknowledged instances where non-state actors hav e legitimately used force (Foucault, 1980). This was seen in instances when force was used by non-state actors like the Irish Republican Army, the Hamas and Islamic Jihad in the Palestine areas, and the exercise of force by the Al-Qaeda in Iraq; these actions are considered by many experts as a legal application of force in response to foreign interference and oppression (New York University, 2002). However, in terms of other perspectives on the use of force, one’s side in the conflict can often make a difference on the judgment made on such force. The bottom line is that it is not clearly apparent that a state actually has a monopoly on the application of force (New York University, 2002). In effect, other scholars have not actively considered the use of the term monopoly in characterizing a state’s application of force. Modern administration Political analysts discuss that the modern state has now a significant control over the practice and use of violence in the cou ntry. They echo Max Weber as he expresses that the state’s exclusive right to use force is crucial to its ability to function. These idea for the modern state was not however true during the 16th and 17th century when the concept of the modern state was still being introduced (Hirst, 1997). At that time, small and contentious political entities did not have the right to claim these territories, and on the other hand, other leaders

A Multinational Computer Software Corporation Commerce Essay

A Multinational Computer Software Corporation Commerce Essay Microsoft Corporation is a multinational computer software corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington. With annual revenues of more than 50 billion, Microsoft Corporation is more than the largest software company in the world (Kooten, 2011). It was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1975. In early school days, Bill Gates was the topper of the class. Bill and his friend Paul Allen starts to skip classes soon after they were introduced to computers in 1968 (Balu, 2011). They started to find out how these computers work, read books about them, and they started to write programs then, at the age of 13. After finishing schooling days, they joined Harvard University and this was the time when they got into full time into the world of computers. Gates was not graduated from Harvard University as he spent most of his time in computer center and his total interest in programming. The Microsoft Empire started when Bill Gates saw a copy of magazine in 1975 in which featured the new Altair 8800 microcomputer made by MITS computer. He showed MITS the application of the BASIC programming language for their computer. Gates and Allen moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico to be close to MITS Computer and this was where they established Microsoft. Like most start-ups, Microsoft begins small, but has a huge vision a computer on every desktop and in every home. The company was incorporated in 1981 and it became Microsoft Inc. They launched the first Windows operating system on November 20, 1985 (Microsoft, 2012). Microsoft is known globally for its Microsoft Windows operating system and Microsoft Office suite of products such as, Internet Explorer, Power Point, Excel and Word programs. The companys core business is on developing, manufacturing and licensing software products. Microsoft is committed to the mission of helping their customers to realize their full potential. They constantly update and improve their products, continually evolving their company to accelerate new technologies for serving their customers better. Therefore, there are a total of eight business divisions in Microsoft offering greatest potential to serve their customers. They are Online Services Division, Server and Tools Business, Microsoft Business Solutions, Microsoft Office Division, Interactive Entertainment Business, Windows Phone Division, Windows Windows Live Division and Skype. Led by Gates, Microsoft has succeeded in placing at least one of its products on virtually every personal computer in the world, setting industry standards and defining markets. Contents An effective organization should four important management functions in order to help managers to achieve organizations mission. The four management functions are namely: Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. In this content, we will analyze Microsoft Corporation in using these four management functions effectively. 2.1 Planning In this current global marketplace, a multinational corporation such as Microsoft is required to have a corporate culture and an inclusive business environment. Employees with varied perspectives, skills, and experiences are working together in this corporation to meet global consumer demands. The collaboration of cultures, ideas, and different perspectives is what that brings forth greater creativity and innovation. Microsoft found out that U.S. and global diverse markets represent tremendous sources of value in the workplace and marketplace. The growth of diverse populations worldwide and the potential of these segments make them important targets as prospective employees and customers. Economically, the diverse markets represent a growing source of market consumption and buying power, which makes them an important customer group for Microsoft. By increasing the diversity of workforce, they will create a team that capable of designing products that fulfil these growing customers needs. Employees actively seek guidance from their senior executive leadership team to ensure that diversity and inclusive best practices are deeply embedded throughout the working environment. Microsoft comes out with a strategy called Global Diversity Inclusion (GDI), which included: Representation: Building a Pipeline of Future Leaders Microsoft focuses on building its employee pipeline, while actively recruiting those with wide range of diverse backgrounds, highly trained individuals from around the world. Microsoft leverages relationships with schools and professional organizations to achieve diversity recruiting.   They offer programs that provide students the chance to interact with todays technology and learn about careers in this industry Inclusion: Creating Engagement in the Work Environment In order to sustain diversity gains, working environment must promote behaviours in a way that encourage employees to find new ways of problem-solving and reward diversity of thought. Thus, Microsoft provides leaders that have cultural competency training and GDI best practice management strategies, and offer employees the opportunities to build stakeholder relationships, thereby fostering a culture of inclusive behaviours. Innovation: Driving Market Excellence To build the best software, Microsoft incorporates the talents of varied workforce into products, and fulfils the needs and priorities of its diverse customers, suppliers and partner base. Microsoft works with certified and highly trained individuals, and also with small businesses that are seeking to purchase competitively priced quality goods and services from Microsoft. (A Vision and Strategy for the Future, 2012) 2.2 Leading Microsofts unveiling of the new Surface tablet, and with its planned $1.2 billion acquisition of Yammer, a social networking service, and the company is showing signs of actions of a market leader. Microsoft is going after Total World Domination, 100% market share in every market that it is involved in. They focus on risking profits to increase market share and go after a market with the view to dominate it. This is part of the reason which makes Microsoft the leading corporation. There are secrets of Microsofts management where the key points are, Bill Is Watching (Olaoluwa, 2012). Bill Gates philosophy, approach and strategic vision permeate the entire company. Project managers send reports regularly to Bill about the status of their projects in which the current status of the project and the problem that it faces must be stated in the report to ensure Bill knows what is happening. Bill often walks among the workers to see how projects are progressing and he gains a good understanding about what is going on with the projects by talking to the workers. Because Bill understands what is happening throughout the company, his decisions are generally the correct ones for the strategic direction of the company (Thielen, 1999). Besides, workers are given the freedom to create and work properly, but must at the same time be aware of the problems within and status of the project. There is an annual meeting every year for Microsoft employees that include entertainment as well as business. The idea is to keep all employees informed about what is going on in the company and the direction that it is taking. This reflects the management functions of leading in Microsoft. 2.3 Organizing Microsoft is a public corporation. Shareholders elect the board of directors, who in turn hire the top executives including the president, vice presidents, secretary, and treasurer. The company must follow Washington States laws regarding a corporation and must also abide by Securities and Exchange Commission regulations for financial reporting. As of November 2012, Steve Ballmer held the title of CEO, while co-founder Bill Gates was the chairman. According to Wikipedia, as of 2012, the company has a divisional organization. Each division, or product group, focuses on a specific line of goods and services. Each group has its own research and development, sales and customer service staff. Although this type of organization is more expensive and consumes more resources, but it allows the groups to better serve their customers. Each product group has one executive in charge who reports directly to the companys president. Microsofts five product groups are Windows Live Windows Group, which handles the PC operating software and Windows consumer products; Server Software, in charge of internet server software; Online Services, responsible for online advertising and Bing search engine; Microsoft Business, develops business related software and servers; Entertainment and Devices, assigned to handle the Xbox, Zune and software for the automotive industry. By managing the company in divisional form, the entire group is often in one location, allowing more interaction and better communication between all the employees developing or supporting one line of products. Having a smaller business unit means each division can develop new products and get them to market faster, making it easier to compete against rivals. Figure Organizational Structure of MicrosoftOrganizational Chart Microsoft TheOfficialBoard.jpg 2.4 Controlling Besides planning, leading and organizing, Microsoft also focuses in controlling. This management process is important to ensure activities are accomplished as planned and to correct any unwanted deviation. The controlling process includes monitoring, comparing, and correcting work performance. Microsoft often monitors the employees by personal observation. The company managers practices Management By Walking Around (MBWA). Bill Gates and other management staff of Microsoft often walk among the workers to monitor the progress of the project. By this way the top managers gains a good understanding on what is going on with that project. The employees of Microsoft are rate and measured according to accomplishments. A project failure will affect the employees rating negatively. But failure is expected to happen sometimes, and a failure is acceptable and will not give a permanent bad mark on the employees record, unless the employee fails continuously. This measuring style do not intent to belittle the employee, but to measure the work the employee most recently completed. The employees are not measured by whether the project fails or not, but how well they perform within their scope of responsibility. Employees with better performance will receive rewards as well as successful. If failure happens in a project, a post-mortem discussion is held where individuals discuss what went wrong and what could have bee n done better. 2.5 Factor that lead to success Marco Iansiti and Alan D. MacCormack stated that in any industry subject to rapid technological change, a firm faces two big challenges. The first is in recognizing the threats and opportunities that are caused by newly emerging technologies. The second is in mounting an effective response to these threats. Microsoft appears to have solved these problems, giving it the ability to quickly adapt to changing circumstances. Based on Sean Silverthorne, Microsoft has built-in sensing mechanisms to keep track of what is happening in the broader technological context which assist it to recognize threats. Much of this ability comes from its tools division, which tracks the needs of the many developers worldwide who write for Microsoft platforms. When these developers find attractive alternatives to Microsoft technologies as they did when the Internet first emerged, its not long before the tools division starts to hear about it. Microsoft also employed several thousand developers to constantly examining the potential of new technologies. In terms of responding to potential threats, Microsoft consistently plays to its strengths: its overall platform strategy, its existing knowledge base, and its process of componentization. For example, when developing the new Internet Explorer browser, the development team opted to leverage its existing programming model, despite the fact that this would initially slow the project down. From this point on, competitors in the browser space faced a formidable challenge. They were competing not only against the Explorer team, but also against the continual improvements made to Microsofts underlying platform over its many years of existence. 2.6 Future Challenges Even as Microsoft earns high ranking in worlds most powerful brand, profit, sales, assets and market value, their longstanding competitor, Apple, still holds higher ranking than Microsoft in all those aspects. Apple had now topped Microsoft to be the worlds most powerful brand, and it is clear that getting that first place again will be Microsoft greatest challenge. Now and again, Apple had introduced new innovations, especially products like iPad or iPhone, which generates more revenue than all of Microsofts wares combined. Apples innovations have earned Apple more attention and customers as compare with Microsoft. Microsoft challenge will be turning attention of consumers from Apple to Microsoft by coming out with new gadgets that are better than Apples product. Microsoft next challenge is to be flexible in their products. When Apple came out with gadgets with touch screen interfaces such iPhones and iPads, it grab consumers attention to buy the products because people like the convenience and uniqueness of the touch screen interface. Clearly touch screen interface is the trend, but Microsoft could not implement this new technology in their product because Microsofts software products are hardcore to only keyboard and mouse, not touch screen. As a result, Apple was able to grab more customers because of Microsoft inflexibility in its product. To dominate the market, Microsoft needs to be flexible in their product. Findings Conclusion As a summary, the four management functions which consist of: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling had been applied by Microsoft and this kind of management allows the organization to run smoothly in achieving their goals. The chosen example Microsoft stated that planning is the foundation of management, where all the management should built. Planning is importance as well, it determine and implemented to attain the organizations goals and objectives. Besides planning, the management should getting prepared, getting organized. Manager must organize all the resources well before putting into action. Furthermore, leading helps the manager to manage and supervise the actions of the subordinates. This helps them to assist the staff achieving organizations goals and enhancing their career goals which can influenced by leadership, communication, increment, promotion and motivation. Lastly, controlling helps to check the errors and to take the corrective action; therefore control is a tool for achieving organizational activities and also a continuous process. Nowadays, big organizations require managers to be flexible, adaptive, and innovative so to stay competitive. In order to reach these targets, managers must have various management techniques and practices. Managers should understand the fundamentals of the techniques and practices it before it can apply it. Without understanding the management basics, they cant be an effective and efficient manager. As a result, effective and efficient management leads to success, where it accomplishes the targets and objectives of the organizations. Of course, to achieve the ultimate goals, the managements need to work productively and innovative for solving problem with the four management functions mentioned earlier. Management not only has foreseen the desires of accomplishing the goals, but has to look into process that their method is practical and realistic for the company as well.

The Conditions For Factory Workers In Nineteenth Century Britain Essay

The Conditions For Factory Workers In Nineteenth Century Britain In the nineteenth century some people thought that factories were the best thing that ever created in Great Britain, however, workers inside them thought differently. No group was as exploited as children, who were put to work before they could read or write.Children were employed in industry and agriculture as soon as they started using their hands and were able to walk. They worked in farms, mills, factories, coalmines and on the streets. They sacrificed having an education for working long hours for little money, working in unacceptable conditions for employers who had no interest in safety. Children were put to work because in cities with overpriced rents and plenty of expenses, families could not get by on simply two incomes. Children who worked indoors were often exposed to toxic fumes, extreme heat, and dangerous machinery. Those who worked in glass factories often cut or burned themselves on broken or hot glass. Children in textile mills were forced to breathe in dust and cotton fibers. Many suffered permanent lung damage. Small and nimble children were assigned to equipment that required quick motions. Those who operated machinery designed for adults often lost fingers. Working long days meant they sometimes fell asleep on the job, putting them at risk for serious injury. A Manchester spinner explains that they are "locked up in factories eight stories high, (the worker) has no relaxation till the ponderous engine stops, and then they go home to get refreshed for the next day; no time for sweet association with their families; they are all alike fatigued and exhausted." In 1831, John Hobhou... ...arse. This oatcake was put into cans. Boiled milk and water was poured into it. This was our breakfast and supper. Our dinner was potato pie with boiled bacon it, a bit here and a bit there, so thick with fat we could scarce eat it, though we were hungry enough to eat anything. Tea we never saw, nor butter. We had cheese and brown bread once a year. We were only allowed three meals a day though we got up at five in the morning and worked till nine at night. Matthew Crabtree was interviewed by Michael Sadler's Parliamentary Committee (18th May, 1832): I began work at Cook's of Dewsbury when I was eight years old. We had to eat our food in the mill. It was frequently covered by flues from the wool; and in that case they had to be blown off with the mouth, and picked off with the fingers, before it could be eaten.

Native Americans in the United States and African American Cowboys Essay

APUSH, DAY-2-2 TO WHOM AND TO WHAT EXTENT WAS THE AMERICAN WEST A LAND OF OPPORTUNITY 1865 – 1890 During the year of 1865 to 1890, the American’s west land was a land of economic development for Native American, white settlers from the east across the Mississippi farmers, miners, ranchers and as well as African American cowboys and immigrants for Irish and Chines, moving west for goal of economic achievement and their position for profit. First, the Native Americans people opened the way of exploitation of the west land naturel environment. The Dawes Act, which turned Indians into landowners and farmers and distributed 160 acres for farming, designed Indians as individual rather than a group of tribes. The railroad made their trip easier, which Pacific Railroad Act was passed in 186, law allowed construction of new transportation systems. The Act also provided grants of land and limited jobs for immigrants’ worker on railroad, especially Chines immigrants worked for a lower wage and discovered millions of gold and silvers. The immigrants worked for a wealthy white settler in the west. Moreover, the railroad opened faster access for transportation for castles, miners and all the peoples, who were making money. Including the Homestead Act was passed; its offered 160 acres of land for any settlers live on the land for five or more years with little registration fees. It helped poor people to achieve economic business and farmers who needed more land, were permitted to purchase of up to 160 acres of land for $2. 50. The farmers took advantage of Westland by doing international market, which mostly depended on railroads for shipment. Even farmers had difficulties of weather conditions, the produced the agricultural business by the Bonanza farm. The farmers were hopes to getting rich soon. Together with the African American cowboys and cattle industry turned into a new marker as well. Because of Indians on to new reservation and the railroad opportunities bring them easier transportation anywhere in urban markets; without the railroads the new business were take a time to make money . In brief, west land was a place of a new beginning for people who were moving for seeking life and opportunities and hoping to get rich. The wealthy white settlers made the most profit in Westland.

Frye Education and Literacy Skills Essay

Frye Education and Literacy Skills Essay Frye: Education and Literacy Skills Essay The Education Barriers While most adolescents today find themselves discouraged from developing their language and literacy skills, many teenagers, like myself, often find that being able to speak in an articulate way is frowned upon in our society. To be comprehend things or be well-spoken in a manner that others do not understand can get you isolated from the clique you hangout with. I agree with Frye when he states that â€Å"Yet, in spite of his limited verbal skills, he firmly believes that he can think, that he has ideas, and that if he is just given the opportunity to express them he will be all right.†(170) I thought that what I already knew is enough to get through an assignment or that what I have written down for an essay is impeccable in every way possible. My mind being restricted to that new material may have deprived me from getting a better grade which could of helped me in the long run. From passing my writing proficiencies and convincing myself that I wrote a pleasing essay on my SAT's, I felt that I achieved the learning requirement which made my mind close to any new material at the time. It also effected my grade in any class that dealt with expressing my ideas onto paper. I also concur when Northrop interprets that â€Å"A society like ours doesn't have very much interest in literacy.†(171) After thinking that I knew it all, it was difficult to regain the drive to increase my knowledge to better myself in understanding my ideas and to convey them into words. Being able to retain the knowledge would benefit me throughout my life. Having the ability to ready and write is important when moving on in education. It is important because you are required to read in write at a certain level or it will not be accepted by professors today. The way people choice their words today is changing very slowly. Depending on what type of friends you have, you may be well-spoken or having to shorten up your sentence to be banal in every way possible for your friends to understand what you are saying. Seeing kids get bullied or placed as an individual for the way they can speak is very common throughout elementary and middle school. After maturing a little, I found that those kids that get place as an individual are those who will become successful, one who stays out of trouble and who you should put yourself around with. â€Å"It is compulsory to read and write because society must have docile and obedient citizens.†(171) Frye is certain that the way we are being taught is intentional because being uneducated makes us unlikely to question the norms of society. For example, reading the laws of society can easily confuse a person which would make them think the law is legitimate in a way that whoever made the law knows what they are talking about. I also notice that when the President has a speech, he would throw in words that most people cannot latch onto therefore thinking that the president is truthful to what he says and abides to what the citizens are asking for. In conclusion, the low level education we have now is intentional so the government can restrict us from understanding what they say and having the opportunity to stand up for what should be done for the society. In general, I have noticed that teachers today alter their lessons in a way that every student can understand what is being taught so not one student can be left behind. Altering the lesson can effect each student differently because one student can grasp the concept of the lesson when another student has to get one on one attention. Northrop argues that our education system puts the obligation of pushing students to be more engaged in

Lifestyle in the Suburbs

Lifestyle in the Suburbs Introduction Suburban is an area that lies right away form the city or a town. This idea of suburban living came as a result of the need to change from models with high density housing to low density housing. The new homes that were built were spacious with a lawn or a garden and were adapted by many people who could afford them. The choice of living in the suburbs came with an assortment of reasons ranging from high rates of crime, traffic, noise and busy environment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Lifestyle in the Suburbs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The environment was also known to be safer for bringing up children. The necessity for quality life, health and well being, safety and better lifestyle called the individuals to work harder so as to triumph over the higher cost that came with it. The preference of living in the suburbs kept one away from environmental pollution such as noise and garbage while givi ng a tranquil place of residence. This essay will discuss lifestyle in the suburbs and the effort that a person must incur to sustain his cost of living. History of Suburban living 18th and early 19th century marked a revolution of many villages and markets as they grew into industrial cities. The growth resulted from industrialization. Initially, there were no building regulations and this made these cities to be dirty without clean sanitary facilities and high populations. In the late 19th Century the government introduced laws in public health which supervised sewage and sanitation. Living in cities was therefore a result of many economic opportunities in the cities compared to the rural areas. Most people in suburban areas were ready to spend more and dig deeper in their pockets, about 47% of their income, to maintain housing and transportation (Kim, 2011, p. 1). Maintenance Cost of Suburban Living It is more expensive to maintain suburban infrastructure development. This is bec ause the cost sharing is between fewer people than in urban areas where higher population shares the cost in paying taxes. Though the cost of buying a house in the suburbs is lower than in the urban, maintenance is expensive. The cost of transport in the suburbs is pricey. Without a car in the suburbs, it is quite troublesome to move about. Personal ownership of a car is therefore compulsory for living in the suburban areas. The cost of moving to and fro is escalated because of driving to work daily. Though the expenses within the house are lower, e.g. the electricity bills and water bills maintenance of the home is highly affected by the use of automobile. A person must travel to work, drive children to school, go for shopping or any other travelling because of unavailability of public means. Safeguarding this car is in addition very expensive. Insurance, maintenance, repairs, gasoline and license fees add more to the cost of this car. This is costly especially for the middle and l ow income. Parking fee for the car is also is another expense that drains ones income.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Effects of Living in the suburban’s The cost of oil rises as the demand of the oil rises. People living in the suburban areas require auto mobiles for their transport. The average is that each family needs a car for convenience. The growth of the suburban domino effect is the demand of oil hence raises the price of the oil. Climate changes as the automobiles emit carbon dioxide which is not absorbed in the air. CO2 leads to rise in temperature (Shaik, 2010, p. 1). Suburban settlement reduces social interactions. Living in the suburbans encouraged privacy and most neighbors became strangers to each other. This caused separation of communities on foundation of their economic status. This was what caused North America to segregate. The effect of se gregation makes the people to be unable to accommodate each other since the society in the suburban rarely share experiences, talents and their way of thinking. This discourages social sustainability (Shaik, 2010, p. 1). Suburban settlement decreases the efficiency of energy use. This is a consequence of using automobiles which increases in number and the distance covered. The people in these areas hardly walk or ride bicycles while traveling, methods which could save a lot of energy (Urbanity, n.d., p. 1). The suburban system brings discrimination to the poor, the elderly and the children. The poor are alienated from the luxurious homes since they cannot afford to purchase their own cars. The elderly people on their second retirement are only allowed to stay in a retirement community and such experience of traveling about is denied to them. Most children of the rich people who live in the suburban areas are able to attend events such as parties and games. So the best social places for children are for those with good economic backgrounds. The high cost is afforded by the children of the rich parents (Urbanity, n.d, 1). Appropriate Technology Appropriate technology is almost compulsory to those living in the suburban areas. There tends to be great dependency on comprehensive technology. The positive side of it is that the suburban people provide meaningful employment to technology companies. High technology applications are often found in the areas of the rich. The cost of living continues to be high in the suburbs. The sustainability cost is higher when there is no sharing of the cost (Wicklein Kachmar, n.d., p. 1). There is more need to have tight security in the suburban. This makes it obligatory to have a security guard as well as technological security systems in the home such as CCTV cameras. Most homes in the suburban have a guide.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Lifestyle in the Suburbs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Benefits of Suburban Living Suburban residents are at a lower risk of health problems than those living in the urban. The congestion in urban areas can encourage a quick spread of diseases. In Most places, the poor live around their work place whereas the rich live outside the cities in places without pollution. The design of houses in cities is mostly to maximize the number of people living in a particular area. Important life commodities such as water and privacy become scarce and this is a cause of many health problems such as tuberculosis at times in the urban depending on the country in question. Recommendations The main aim of these recommendations is to lower the scale of expenses that come as a result of maintenance fee as well as to bridge the social gap that is created by suburban settlement. The suburban developers should create variety of housing and transportation choices. This is by considering different economic classes from high in come earners without discriminating them. The employers should also encourage their employees to telecommute so as to reduce travelling expenses as well as to reduce the traffic (Goodson, 2001, p. 1). Conclusion Suburban living is a choice which is made by people in need of a better environment in terms of pollution, health, security and comfort. This comes with a higher cost of living and mostly segregates the rich from the poor. Maintenance cost of a home in the suburban is quite expensive. Automobiles are the major escalators of the living cost. Security, technology and taxes are also factors that increase the cost of living in the suburban. The suburban lifestyle discourages social interactions and has a high dependence on automobiles which promote inefficient energy use as well as increasing the demand of gasoline which makes it expensive. The developers of these areas should create housing and transport choices so as to incorporate many people by lowering the cost. References Goodson, D. (2009) Suburban housing: a cheaper alternative? Web.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kim, J. (2011) The costs of urban vs. suburban living. Web. Shaik, A. (2010) Suburban Placemaking. Web. Urbanity. (n.d.) Problems with Automobile Dependency. Web. Wicklein, R. C. Kachmar, C. J., (n. d.) Philosophical Rationale for Appropriate Technology. Web.

Questions answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Questions answer - Essay Example In addition, the European press always presented war in a romantic analogy. Diplomacy was mainly tied to alliance systems between the central and the allied powers. The Central Powers comprised of Germany, Italy and Austro-Hungary while the allies included France, Britain and Russia (Shaara 8). In fact, according to the print media, warfare was a matter of nationalistic pride. This war was also facilitated by the ignorant nature of the citizens and their apathetic nature to foreign affairs. Additionally, the assassination of Franz Ferdinand beefed up the war in Europe. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand in the summer of 1914 led to the outbreak of the war which involved a Bosnian terrorist who was seeking Bosnian independence. In this period, the Europeans were eager to experience the war. Some of them were even willing to risk their life by fighting in the war. This is because most of the youths and students inculcated the spirit of patriotism and devotion to the state. There are some prominent individuals who influenced the citizens substantially in believing that the war encouraged togetherness in the country (Shaara 9). Question #2 In the 1920s, there was a great reaction in the world which was caused by the wars in the world. The Great War is also known as World War I. According to most individuals, the Great War was a unique war because it involved several countries. Further analysis also depicts that the Great War involved huge life losses. Approximately 10 million men were killed. In fact, the Great War differed from the expectations of the generals and the majority of the Europeans. Most individuals thought that the war would last a single winter. However, the war lasted for four years. The main reason why the Great War differed so much from the expectations of the generals and the Europeans was because; both the military and diplomatic plans of the political leaders had failed in Europe (Shaara 18). In addition, the technological innovations had cha nged the warfare at the battlefield. In this period, the introduction of machine guns, battleships and airplanes significantly affected the war both at sea and on land. The machine guns favored most of the defense schemes employed by countries. The airplanes were mostly utilized for the survey but, bombs were not used in the war. The main warfare took place in Northern France, Southeastern Europe and Russia. In these areas, most of the people who were killed were the men. This is because the individuals in the warzone were not able to predict the extensiveness of the war. This war also created a gulf between military and civilian populations (Shaara 10). Question #3 Total war was a military quarrel whereby numerous countries mobilized all the available resources in order to destroy the ability of other nations to participate in war. This practice of total war was significantly utilized in the 19th century. Total war was also recognized as a separate class of warfare. Research assert s that total war was mainly caused by industrialization. It is quite prevalent that World War I influenced the birth of total war in the industrial age. During this period, soldiers faced each other in battlegrounds that had become extremely lethal due to the advancement in warfare machinery. There was no war witnessed in history such as the First World War. The main reason why this war was significant as opposed to other wars was because it had a long-term effect on the industrial revolution. According to various

Heroine Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Heroine - Assignment Example Remarkably, the differences between the sexes are extraneous; what matters are the roles played by individuals. For instance, the female Mulan joins the battlefield and fights on her father’s account. The arty chap Xu Wei illuminates how Mulan profusely participates in the war and records a splendid performance despite being a woman. Mulan sounds badass and controversial. She appears at the war as a man, fights, wins, and goes back to carry on weaving roles that were perceived to be relished by women. Undoubtedly, her physic was that of a woman but not even her comrades could realize that she was a woman; a clear evidence that the body cannot simply be used to define gender. The line raises the question of identity, inequality, and being real to oneself in the facade of execution and persecution. Despite her sex, she participates in unlikely activities, a factor that makes her appear as though concealing her identity and true self. This is over and above the modest question of

Coal to Liquid Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Coal to Liquid Technology - Essay Example Although, renewable energy is an alternative it takes time and additional resources. Some countries are very poor but have coal in abundance. It therefore means that clean technology has to be found to produce energy from coal. Several methods of transforming coal to liquid are available. Some of these are low yield in comparison to others that have yields of up to 70%. The task is to ensure that the level of greenhouse gas emissions is kept low in order to save the environment for the next generation. 2.0 Coal consumption and reserve of the world and the US According to the EIA (2012) the total coal consumption of the world for the year ended December 2010 was 7,994,703 million short tons. EIA (2012) also provides data for the year ended December 31, 2008 which indicates that the amount of coal reserves in the world was 948,000 million short tons. The tables labeled Table 1 shows comparative figures for coal consumption for those years and four (4) years prior to those years. Table 2 shows figures for coal reserves for 2008. Consumption of Coal Description 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 World NA 7,994,703 7,318,283 7,327,554 7,014,934 USA 1,003,066 1,048,295 997,478 1,120,548 1,127,998 US as a percentage of the world 13.11% 13.63% 15.29% 16.07% Table 1: Coal Consumption USA and the World (source U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)) The table indicates that USA alone accounted for approximately 14.33% of the world’s coal consumption between 2007 and 2010. In 2007 the US accounted for 16%. Although the world’s consumption of coal increased in 2008, coal consumption in the US declined by a small margin. Both world consumption and US consumption declined in 2009. However, while the world consumption declined by negligible amounts (9,271 million short tons) the US consumption declined by approximately 11% (123,070 million short tons). In 2010 the US consumption increased by approximately 6% while world consumption increased by approximately 9%. The US accounted for 13% of the world’s consumption in 2010. Coal Reserves 2008 Description 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 World 948,000 USA 260,551 Table 2: Coal Reserves USA and the World – Source U.S. Energy Information Administration The table shows that in 2008 the US held 27% of the world’s coal reserves. This is a very high percentage and indicates how beneficial coal would be if a way is found to reduce its effect on the environment. 3.0 Arguments against the use of coal Many arguments have being put forward against the use of coal. They include: i. Health and safety hazard ii. Large quantities of water are used in coal mining iii. High levels of pollution (Hansen 2009) iv. Destruction of mountains v. Accidents caused from coal mining 3.1 Health and safety hazard Coal is hazardous to the health and safety of all who come in contact with it, especially coal miners. The Center for Disease Control (2012) indicates that between 1998 and 2007, 8,111 persons died from Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis. Most of them were male (8,010), white (7,865) and age 65 years and over (7379). Although the death rate has been declining, it is still cause for concern. A number of accidents have also resulted from inadequate safety measures as miners are left to risk their lives at some mining operations. In fact, in an article entitled Justice for Upper Big Branch, The New York Times (NYT) (2012) indicates that 29 miners died from an explosion at a mine in West Virginia.. In relation to this case a United States attorney filed fraud charges against a Superintendent of the Massey operated Upper Big Branch Mine in West Virginia of plotting to conceal hazards, doctor’

A considerate of contemporary management function Essay Example for Free

A considerate of contemporary management function Essay A considerate of contemporary management function of the employer-employee relationship The six journal articles that have been looked at stem from the original Locke, (1982) article. Frederick W. Taylor popularised of scientific management. The essay will discuss 5 aspects of Taylor’s ideas about scientific management and show how understandings of contemporary management functions and the employer-employee relationship have been developed from Taylor’s ideas. What was Taylor’s idea about the management? Management involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively. The ideas about the relationship between employer and employee have been developed from a nother. Retain critical employees is important and necessary. According to the Fitz-enz(1997), the company average losses 1 million with every 10 people who is the managerial and professional employees. In addition, the total cost of least a former employee at least a year of wages and benefits, up to two years of unpaid salary and benefits. This is a huge economic loss with a company loses a number of critical employees. As a manager, we must give employees adequate physiological, safety, love, esteem. One of the advice is managers should look into a way to motivate employees to achieve a satisfactory and unmet needs through activities and exercises. Managers have a responsibility to create a suitable environment to inspire employees to their fullest potential. If no such right environment, will lead to a big difference such as lower job satisfaction, lower productivity, lower profit with a company. How to effectively improve the relationship between managers and employees? Taylor given 4 methods. (a) Scientific management: In Principles of Scientific Management (1911)Fredrick Winslow Taylor, the â€Å"Father† of scientific management utilises scientific methods to define th e â€Å"one best way† for a job to be done (b) Scientific selections. Taylor advocated selecting only first class(i.e., high aptitude) men for a given job because their productivity would be several times greater than that of the average man. (c) Money bonus. Taylor claimed that the money is what employees want most, he thinks employees should be paid from 30% to 100% higher wages for to do his job. (d) Management responsibility for training. Taylor thought that most contemporary managers should fully accept the notion that training new employees is their responsibility. My understanding about the  employer-employee relationship has also been shaped by these articles. I have learnt that (1) Scientific management can focus speed of production, low cost production and availability of an unskilled workforce. In addition, today’s use of scientific management can use time and motion studies to increase productivity, hire the best qualified employees and design incentive systems based on output. Equity theory is a theory of social comparison effect on employees. This theory appears to be very common, but it is very important. Equity theory refers to the rate of employees with their work output and input compared with others. Time input includes the time of the work, work habits, work experience, work attitude, and so on. When they found unfair, they usually can’t change the rate of others, can’t change their input, so employees will find ways to change their output. This may mean that they will reduce their work time or effort to work. Then, the manager can use the equity theory to motivate employees. Managers can use a more open system of remuneration paid for employees to understand each position and every effort should position relative to how much salary can be get. (2) Scientific selections: Everybody have their own good aspects, based on each person strengths and rational allocation of work. As a result, not only can bring effectively produce but also can make person enjoy their work. According to the Wren (1979) notes that Taylor focuses on scientific selection can promote the develop ment of industrial psychology and personnel management and other areas. (3) Money bonus: How to influence people? The most common method is money bonus. Such as up wages, bonuses, benefits. These things are the most effective way to influence the work of passion and power of a work. Through the Vroom’s (1946) expectancy theory, we can find that an employee will play his better efforts when he is convinced that his efforts would be better evaluated. And these evaluations will bring him more rewards such as bonuses, salary increases. These rewards will meet staff personal goals. Individual employee attitudes and enthusiasm in their work will determine to a large extent a companys performance. According to the Porter (1968) and Lawler’s expectancy model of motivation, this model proposes two factors that determine spending on a number of tasks energy. The first is the personal rewards from work to get. These returns will be the psychological perception of employees is their own work to be sure. The second is that these returns will be formed job satisfaction. (4) Management  responsibility for training: The staff training is an essential element of human resource management. Managers can’t ignore their training responsibilities. Understanding management system in staff training in this area can help you build an effective training system to help you prepare new employees for their work To sum up, from the six articles considered, scientific management can not only getting the most output from the least amount of inputs but also focus on those work activities that will help the company reach its goals. Taylor’s idea has shaped modern employer-employee relationships. Work is still specialised, personal are still trained. The quality of work is still rewarded in bonuses, as well as other. Reference: 1.Three chapters in The Ideas of Frederick W Taylor: An Evaluation. 2.Wren, D. A. The evolution of management thought (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley, 1979. 3.Towards a unified model of employee motivation / Darren J. Elding, Andrew M. Tobias and David S. Walk [Chichester, West Sussex, England] : John Wiley Sons, Ltd., 2006 4.Kotter, John P. What effective general managers really do / John P. Kotter Boston [etc.] : Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1982 5.Managing in the new millennium : understanding the managers motivational tool bag / Patricia M. Buhl Burlington, Iowa, etc., National Research Bureau, etc.], 2003 6.A review of employee motivation theories and their implications for employee retention within organiz Hollywood, FL : Journal of American Academy of Business, 2004

A Look Into False Memory Syndrome :: Memory Psychology Disorders Medical Essays

Memory is the mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experiences. A repressed memory is one that is retained in the subconscious mind, where one is not aware of it but where it can still affect both conscious thoughts and behavior. When memory is distorted or confabulated, the result can be what has been called the False Memory Syndrome: a condition in which a person's identity and interpersonal relationships are entered around a memory of traumatic experience which is objectively false but in which the person strongly believes (note that the syndrome is not characterized by false memories as such). We all have memories that are inaccurate. Rather, the syndrome may be diagnosed when the memory is so deeply ingrained that it orients the individual's entire personality and lifestyle, in turn disrupting all sorts of other adaptive behaviors. The analogy to personality disorder is intentional. False memory syndrome is especially destructive because the person assiduously avoids c onfrontation with any evidence that might challenge the memory. Thus it takes on a life of its own, encapsulated and resistant to correction. The person may become so focused on the memory that he or she may be effectively distracted from coping with real problems in his or her life (Loftus 1980, 1997). There are many models which try to explain how memory works. Nevertheless, we do not know exactly how memory works. One of the most questionable models of memory is the one which assumes that every experience a person has had is 'recorded' in memory and that some of these memories are of traumatic events too terrible to want to remember. These terrible memories are locked away in the subconscious mind, i.e. repressed, only to be remembered in adulthood when some triggering event opens the door to the unconscious. Both before and after the repressed memory is remembered, it causes physical and mental disorders in a person. Some people have made an effort to explain their pain, even cancer, as coming from repressed memories of incest in the body. Scientists have studied related phenomenon such as people whose hands bleed in certain religious settings. Presumably such people, called stigmatics, "are not revealing unconscious memories of being crucified as young children, but rather are demonstrating a fascinating psychogenic anomaly that springs from their conscious fixation on the suffering of Christ. Similarly, it is possible that conscious fixation on the idea that one was sexually abused might increase the frequency of some physical symptoms, regardless of whether or not the abuse really occurred.